
Ethereum represents the gateway to a worldwide, decentralized computing paradigm. This platform enables you to run decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts that have no central points of failure or control, integrate with a payment network, and operate on an open blockchain. With this practical guide, Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood provide everything you need to know about building smart contracts and DApps on Ethereum and other virtual-machine blockchains.

Discover why IBM, Microsoft, NASDAQ, and hundreds of other organizations are experimenting with Ethereum. This essential guide shows you how to develop the skills necessary to be an innovator in this growing and exciting new industry.

A guide to the operation and use of Ethereum and other EVM-compatible blockchains.

Mastering Ethereum


The story of the idealists, technologists, and opportunists fighting to bring cryptocurrency to the masses.

In their short history, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have gone through booms, busts, and internecine wars, recently reaching a market valuation of more than $2 trillion. The central promise of crypto endures—vast fortunes made from decentralized networks not controlled by any single entity and not yet regulated by many governments.

The recent growth of crypto would have been all but impossible if not for a brilliant young man named Vitalik Buterin and his creation: Ethereum. In this book, Laura Shin takes readers inside the founding of this novel cryptocurrency network, which enabled users to launch their own new coins, thus creating a new crypto fever. She introduces readers to larger-than-life characters like Buterin, the Web3 wunderkind; his short-lived CEO, Charles Hoskinson; and Joe Lubin, a former Goldman Sachs VP who became one of crypto’s most well-known billionaires. Sparks fly as these outsized personalities fight for their piece of a seemingly limitless new business opportunity.

This fascinating book shows the crypto market for what it really is: a deeply personal struggle to influence the coming revolution in money, culture, and power.

Idealism, Greed, Lies, and the Making of the First Big Cryptocurrency Craze

The Cryptopians


Tokens - often referred to as cryptocurrencies - can represent anything from an asset to an access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of CO2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague.

The industry keeps referring to “Blockchain” as different from “Bitcoin,” creating an artificial divide that is often misleading. There seems to be too little understanding about the fact that Bitcoin is a blockchain network, which is (a) globally managed by people who mostly do not know each other, and (b) enabled by the consensus protocol that (c) incentivizes all network actors for their contributions with a native token. The governance rules are tied to the minting of a native blockchain token. The Bitcoin token can, therefore, be seen as the currency of a distributed Internet tribe, called the Bitcoin network, where network actors are rewarded with Bitcoins, just as the Ether is the currency of the distributed Internet tribe Ethereum network, or Sia is the native currency of the Sia network. The Bitcoin network and other distributed ledgers all represent a collectively maintained public infrastructure and are the backbone of the next generation Internet, what the crypto community refers to as the Web3.

This book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks and other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3, and contextualize the socio-economic implications of the Web3 applications such as smart contracts, tokens, and DAOs to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance (DeFi).

Token Economy


Learn to Code Blockchain DApps By Building Simple Games

CryptoZombies is an interactive school that teaches you all things technical about blockchains. Learn to make smart contracts in Solidity or Libra by making your own crypto-collectibles game.

#1 Solidity Tutorial & Ethereum Blockchain Programming Course

CryptoZombies


Node Guardians is a gamified educational platform that creates lore-rich programming challenges for experienced Solidity, Huff, Cairo and Noir developers. Think of it as a skill-based RPG where developers can become familiar with specific stack components and a place where they can showcase their abilities. 

### Skills Upgrade

We have created a series of coding challenges called “quests” to engage smart contract developers, providing them with the knowledge to build safe and gas efficient applications. In addition to practical skills, we also provide theoretical knowledge about crypto history, technology and economics through building a library of articles that break down complex concepts of distributed systems & decentralized finance.


### Public Good

Node Guardians is a public good for developers and will always remain so. 
In addition to supporting the growth of cool ecosystems, we plan to make the platform sustainable by managing [infrastructure](https://infra.nodeguardians.io/) across various networks.

Rewarding non-contributing operators wastes funds, we prefer community-building and education.


Node Guardians is a gamified educational platform that creates lore-rich programming challenges for experienced Solidity, Cairo, Huff and Noir developers.

Node Guardians


Speed Run Ethereum aims to provide a structured learning path for onboarding developers to Ethereum.

Ethereum Dev Speed Run with a framework for submitting challenges, get feedback from ethereum builders, and in the process unlocking new challenges and proof of completion.

Speedrun Ethereum

Teaching the next generation of smart contract developers and auditors. Learn from industry-leading experts how to build the next generation of web3 applications and level up your career.


Level up your web3 career through industry leading comprehensive courses

Cyfrin Updraft


This is an initiative for the early solidity developers by those who were early developers sometime.

In this approach, we are looking to categorize the smart contract according to the difficulty level in multiple standards. For now, we are keeping the standard 0 to 5(can be discussed).

This initiative needs great support from Blockchain enthusiast, developer and researchers to build this school in a way which can attract learners and provide them ease for development.

First place for early developers to learn Solidity 

solidity-school


## Introductory Modules

- What is a SNARK?
- Building a SNARK (part 1)
- Building a SNARK (part 2)

## Whiteboard Sessions with ZK Projects​

- SNARKs vs. STARKS with Brendan and Bobbin
- PLONK and Custom Gates with Adrian Hamelink
- Lookup Arguments for Performance Optimisation with Mary Maller
- Zero Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) with grjte
- Achieving Decentralised Private Computation with Pratyush Mishra
- Introduction to zkRollups with Barry Whitehat
- zkEVM with Jordi Baylina
- ZK Swaps with Henry de Valence
- zkID with Oleksandr Brezhniev
- Fast Recursion with Plonky2 with William Borgeaud

ZK Whiteboard Sessions is an educational series on all things zero knowledge

ZK Whiteboard Sessions


## What is a smart contract?

Smart contracts are the backbone of decentralized applications (DApps) and Web3. A smart contract is a simple program that lives on a blockchain network (such as Ethereum). They're actually not that smart. And nothing like a (legal) contract. They’re more like an executable piece of code that requires input or an trigger from an external source. They can validate those input conditions and if correct, execute their own logic to update the state on a blockchain.

## Benefits

They often serve the following purposes:
- Store and maintain data
- Manage relationships with users, or other contracts

Benefits of smart contracts are
- Immutable - once deployed none can change them
- Composable - they’re public and anyone can interact with them, or build on top of them. Much like public APIs

## Resources

The following resources have been the most popular resources on the site for a long time. These are all highly recommend to start learning about Solidity


### 1. Official Solidity website
The most obvious resources is ofcourse the official website and documentation of the Solidity team itself. The Solidity team covers all the core concepts and fundamentals of Solidity and smart contracts in general. Highly recommended

https://soliditylang.org/


### 2. Solidity by Example
The second one on the list is Solidity by Example. A great collection of more practical examples, incl. source code and supporting videos.

https://solidity-by-example.org/


### 3. CryptoZombies 
CryptoZombies is an interactive school that teaches you all things technical about blockchains. A fun and interactive way to write smart contracts in Solidity by making your own crypto-collectibles game.

https://cryptozombies.io/


### 4. Speedrun Ethereum

Speedrun Ethereum helps you get to the next level. It teaches you how to build on Ethereum; the superpowers and the gotchas while you build up your Web3 portfolio. If you like this, also make sure to check out the other work of the amazing [Austin Griffith](https://twitter.com/austingriffith) such as [ETH-build](https://eth.build/) and [Scaffold-eth](https://scaffoldeth.io/).

https://speedrunethereum.com/


### 5. Smart Contract Best Practices 

Smart contracts are complex instruments that have the authority to allocate high-value resources between complex systems. Often working autonomously. With huge financial loss at risk. This makes them critical components in these systems. Development of such components requires thoughtful design, solid engineering practices, rigorous testing and a strong security mindset. This document provides a baseline knowledge of security considerations.

https://consensys.github.io/smart-contract-best-practices/


## Other resources

If you'd like to read more, make sure to checkout all the other [Solidity](/tags/smart%20contracts) resources on the site.

Solidity is a programming language designed for developing smart contracts that run on Ethereum. It's the most in demand skill in the Web3 space. These are the best resources to help you learn more about it.

Best resources to learn Solidity


Navigating conversations and understanding key concepts in web3 sometimes requires its own terminology. In this regard, web3 is not just a technological shift, but also a cultural one.

This guide will provide you with the **most essential terms** to decode the language and become a web3 citizen. It is tailored to provide you with clear and concise definitions for the unique terms that define this industry.

Dive in, discover, and enhance your fluency in the unique lexicon of the web3 industry. (-:

If you want to contribute to the glossary, [have a look on Github](https://github.com/wslyvh/useWeb3/tree/main).

## Glossary a-z

- **Airdrop**  
  Distribution of free tokens, usually to promote a product or incentivise early users

- **Altcoin**  
  Alternative coin, any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin

- **AMM**  
  Automated Market Maker, popular mechanism among decentralized exchanges (DEXes) involving liquidity pools instead of an orderbook-based system

- **Anon**  
  Anonymous, entity that wishes to remain anonymous or pseudonymous

- **Beacon Chain**  
  Ethereum’s proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus layer

- **Bridge**  
  Service that transfers tokens between multiple blockchains (cross-chain)

- **BUIDL**  
  Term to describe the web3 building ethos, even despite a bear market, inspired by HODL

- **CeFi**  
  Centralized finance, the “traditional” finance sector, in contrast to DeFi (decentralized finance)

- **CEX**  
  Centralized Exchange, app for swapping tokens run by a company, often used for fiat exchange; in contrast to DEX (Decentralized Exchange)

- **Cypherpunks**  
  Cypher + punks, movement originating in the early 90s, emphasizing the need for privacy in the digital age, enforced by cryptography

- **DAO**  
  Decentralized Autonomous Organization, blockchain-based organizations that are owned and governed by their members via tokens

- **DApp**  
  Decentralized Application, blockchain-based services that use smart contracts in their backend and thus have a distributed nature, without the need for intermediaries

- **DeFi**  
  Decentralized Finance, general term for decentralized services in the financial sector, that are permissionless and globally available, e.g., DEXes (decentralized exchanges) or lending protocols

- **Degen**  
  Degenerate, term for a person that is deeply involved in crypto or a specific sector, e.g., DeFi Degens

- **DEX**  
  Decentralized Exchange, blockchain-based app for swapping tokens that use smart contracts to be permissionless

- **Diamond Hands**  
  Holding a digital asset through very volatile times

- **DYOR**  
  Do Your Own Research, principle of self-verification instead of trusting others

- **EIP**  
  Ethereum Improvement Proposal, a process to describe standards for the Ethereum platform

- **ERC**  
  Ethereum Request for Comments, form of EIP to specify application layer standards; the most popular ones are ERC20 for fungible tokens and ERC721 for non-fungible tokens

- **EVM**  
  Ethereum Virtual Machine, the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live, the EVM defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block

- **Exchange**  
  An application that allows users to buy and sell crypto assets

- **Exit Scam**  
  Scenario in which a project or a part of a team steals the investors’ money and leaves

- **Explorer**  
  Webpage that displays information about the transaction history of a blockchain

- **Faucet**  
  Service that dispenses free tokens, usually for test networks

- **Flippening**  
  Term to describe a pivotal change in price or perception, e.g., when the market cap of a token exceeds the one of another token

- **FOMO**  
  Fear Of Missing Out, term to describe the feeling of not being included in something, e.g., a crypto investment or news

- **Fork**  
  Split of a blockchain or project due to technical issues or a dispute

- **FUD**  
  Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt, the opposite of FOMO

- **Gas**  
  Term for the fee that Ethereum transactions cost; it is used to reward validators and prevents malicious use of the blockchain

- **Genesis Block**  
  The first block recorded in a blockchain

- **Gm**  
  Good morning, form of greetings in crypto communities; due to the global nature of web3 it can be used at any time of the day

- **Hash**  
  Function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values, e.g., for encryption, cryptographic hash functions are used in many parts of the web3 industry

- **HODL**  
  A frequent term referring to a strict buy-and-hold strategy, became famous after a misspelling in the bitcointalk forum in 2013

- **ICO**  
  Initial coin offering, the process of selling tokens when launching a new crypto project, inspired by the initial public offering (IPO) for stocks.

- **JOMO**  
  Joy Of Missing Out, converting FOMO into a positive feeling

- **KYC**  
  Know Your Customer, a process to verify the identity of customers; often used by centralized exchanges or entities

- **Layer 1**  
  Base blockchain architecture that serves as the foundation for other layers, also called mainnet, e.g., Ethereum

- **Layer 2**  
  Built on top of layer 1, usually for scaling purposes, e.g., Optimism

- **Minting**  
  Process of creating new token(s)

- **Mixer**  
  Decentralized Application that “mixes” tokens to cover their transaction history, used for private transactions

- **NFT**  
  Non-Fungible Token, a type of token that is not interchangeable or divisible, in contrast to fungible tokens; often used for digital collectibles

- **Node**  
  An instance holding a copy of the blockchain, it is connected to other nodes, synchronizing the blockchain and thus forming the network

- **OG**  
  Original Gangster, a person who was very early involved in crypto or a specific project

- **Oracle**  
  Data bridge to bring real-world information onto the blockchain

- **P2P**  
  Peer-to-peer, referring to a transaction between two people without other (central) parties involved

- **Rollups**  
  Popular type of layer 2, scaling solution that uses transaction bundling (“rolling up”) transactions before publishing them to the main chain

- **Rug Pull**  
  Scenario in which a team abandons a project and/or removes its liquidity, similar to exit scams

- **SBTs**  
  Soul-Bound-token, type of NFT that is non-transferrable

- **Smart contract**  
  Programs that run on the blockchain that follow the "if this then that" logic, they execute themselves when certain conditions are met

- **Snapshot**  
  Record of a blockchain at a particular block height, also the name of a popular DAO voting tool

- **Solidity**  
  Smart Contract Programming Language, created for the Ethereum blockchain but popular for other chains as well

- **Stablecoin**  
  A cryptocurrency that is pegged to another asset, mostly USD

- **Staking**  
  Process of locking tokens to contribute to validation in a proof of stake blockchain

- **Token**  
  Representation of a digital asset on a blockchain

- **TVL**  
  Total Value Locked, equivalent of USD locked in a blockchain or protocol, often used as an indicator in DeFi, e.g. in lending protocols

- **Validator**  
  Virtual entity participating in the consensus of a proof of stake blockchain, they participate in producing blocks and validating transactions

- **WAGMI**  
  Acronym for “We're All Gonna Make It”, expression used to show an optimistic attitude about the future of web3

- **Whale**  
  An entity holding a large amount of cryptocurrency, sometimes even a significant part of a project

- **Whitepaper**  
  Document that is released with new crypto projects to explain the details of the project.

- **ZKP**  
  Zero-Knowledge-Proof, cryptographic mechanism to verify an information without revealing it, often used for scaling solutions of privacy applications


The glossary provides you with definitions for the most important terms to navigate the web3 landscape.

Crypto glossary – important terms to navigate web3


This handbook is for people who are interested in exploring the vision behind “Web3”, and who wish to acquire in-demand skills that are essential to realizing that vision.  

A Handbook for Smart Contract Development

Learn Solidity


Create Eth App supports multiple frontend frameworks. It comes with a host of decentralized finance templates pre-filled with contract ABIs, addresses and subgraphs. Everything you need to build a modern Ethereum-powered single-page app.

- Learning how to write Ethereum-powered apps in a comfortable and feature-rich development environment.
- Starting new Ethereum-powered single-page React applications without wasting time on copy-pasting boilerplates
- Creating examples with React for your Ethereum-related libraries and components.

Create Ethereum-powered apps with one command

Create Eth App


**Features**
- Next.js
- Ethereum
- Typescript
- Chakra UI
- Wagmi
- Connectkit
- Ethers.js

An open-source Next.js + Ethereum starter kit to quickly ship Web3 Apps

Nexth Starter kit


Everything you need to build on Ethereum!

Quickly experiment with Solidity using a frontend that adapts to your smart contract

Forkable Ethereum dev stack focused on fast product iterations

Scaffold-ETH


Becoming a blockchain engineer is the most fun, rewarding, and exhilarating choice I’ve and my colleagues have ever made. And we’ve already blazed the trail for you to get started! In this article, we will show you exactly how to learn to become a blockchain engineer, from beginner to professional.

Spoiler alert, here is the exact blueprint we are going to cover to get you to a successful blockchain engineer:

1. Understand why you should become a blockchain engineer
2. Take a Blockchain Course
3. Join a Hackathon, the Community, & Build
4. Start your own protocol, Take a job, Freelance & Contribute

If you make it this far, you’ve done it! Although, I’ll add a bonus step 5 that we will talk about soon.

5. You’ve made it! Keep learning!

That’s it! These are the exact steps you need to take to become a blockchain engineer!

Become a blockchain, solidity, and smart contract engineer by following these steps

Become a Blockchain Engineer


Odds are you’ve heard about the Ethereum blockchain, whether or not you know what it is. It’s been in the news a lot lately, including the cover of some major magazines, but reading those articles can be like gibberish if you don’t have a foundation for what exactly Ethereum is. So what is it? In essence, a public database that keeps a permanent record of digital transactions. Importantly, this database doesn’t require any central authority to maintain and secure it. Instead it operates as a “trustless” transactional system — a framework in which individuals can make peer-to-peer transactions without needing to trust a third party OR one another.

Still confused? That’s where this post comes in. My aim is to explain how Ethereum functions at a technical level, without complex math or scary-looking formulas. Even if you’re not a programmer, I hope you’ll walk away with at least better grasp of the tech. If some parts are too technical and difficult to grok, that’s totally fine! There’s really no need to understand every little detail. I recommend just focusing on understanding things at a broad level.

Many of the topics covered in this post are a breakdown of the concepts discussed in the yellow paper. I’ve added my own explanations and diagrams to make understanding Ethereum easier. Those brave enough to take on the technical challenge can also read the Ethereum yellow paper.

Many of the topics covered in this post are a breakdown of the concepts discussed in the yellow paper. I’ve added my own explanations and diagrams to make it easier.

How does Ethereum work, anyway?


I recently joined Edge & Node as a Developer Relations Engineer and have been diving deeper into smart contract development with Ethereum. I have settled upon what I think is the best stack for building full stack dApps with Solidity:

▶︎ Client Framework - React
▶︎ Ethereum development environment - Hardhat
▶︎ Ethereum Web Client Library - Ethers.js
▶︎ API layer - The Graph Protocol

Building Full Stack dApps with React, Ethers.js, Solidity, and Hardhat

The Complete Guide to Full Stack Ethereum Development


Educational sandbox for building on web3. Visually understand how Ethereum works by doing.

ETH.Build


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyMwXuJrbJQ

This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts in blockchain, smart contracts, solidity, NFTs/ERC721s, ERC20s, Coding Decentralized Finance (DeFi), javascript and solidity, Chainlink, Ethereum, upgradable smart contracts, and full stack blockchain development.   

Some of the technologies covered are:
- The Graph
- Chainlink
- Metamask
- Alchemy
- Remix
- Hardhat
- Solidity
- Openzeppelin
- Trail of Bits
- Ganache
- Ethers
- Etherscan
- Coinmarketcap
- Aave
- IPFS
- Fleek.hq
- Filecoin
- NextJS
- Moralis
- Web3uikit
- Opensea
- Pinata
- Nft.storage

 And more!

Follow along with the videos and you'll be a blockchain wizard in no time!  💻 The repository with helpful links to all code, resources, and support forums is located here: https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-js.

This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts related to blockchain, smart contracts, Solidity, ERC20s, full-stack Web3 dapps, decentralized finance (DeFi), JavaScript, TypeScript, Chainlink, Ethereum, upgradable smart contracts, DAOs, the graph, moralis, aave, IPFS, and more. Follow along with the videos and you'll be a blockchain wizard in no time!

Learn Blockchain, Solidity, and Full Stack Web3 Development with JavaScript – 32-Hour Course


Learning Solidity with a collection of YouTube videos and example code.

Learning Solidity


Here we collect and discuss the best DeFi & Blockchain researches and tools 

DeFi Developer roadmap


ETH Gas Tracker helps you discover how gas works, why it matters and help you set optimal gas fees to use the Ethereum network more efficiently. Get real-time gas prices, historical data, and average fees to time your transactions and save money. Ethereum Gas Tracker is the best way to track gas prices and provides an API for developers to integrate gas data into their applications.

Monitor and track the Ethereum, and L2 gas prices to reduce transaction fees and save money

ETH Gas Tracker


This document provides a baseline knowledge of security considerations for intermediate Solidity programmers. It is maintained by ConsenSys Diligence, with contributions from our friends in the broader Ethereum community.

A guide to Ethereum smart contract security best practices

Smart Contract Best Practices

Restructure folders to have one file per each template

good first issue

chore

Minimal Anti-Collusion Infrastructure (MACI)

maci

TypeScript

restructure imt folders in the circuit package

When invoking the `bulid` command with any of the options to output an intermediate artifact, e.g. AST, IR, etc the path to the output file should be printed. 

help wanted

Concrete is a simple programming language specifically crafted for creating highly scalable systems that are reliable, efficient, and easy to maintain.

concrete

Rust

Print location of output files

### Describe the solution you'd like

Farcaster is gaining significant popularity, and OnchainKit has emerged as one of the most valuable frameworks for developers in this domain.

 The integration of Farcaster login support within OnchainKit is a positive development. This functionality is essential for creating Farcaster applications, as it encourages developers to continue using OnchainKit rather than seeking alternative solutions.

Thanks!

### Describe alternatives you've considered.

_No response_

enhancement

React components and TypeScript utilities to help you build top-tier onchain apps.

onchainkit

Feature Request: Farcaster Login Support

Add panel for `validator_monitor_prev_epoch_block_proposal_summary` to validator monitor dashboard

https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/blob/f4f570f2bffd37d911e2f02e2bcf26db360f6c4d/packages/beacon-node/src/metrics/metrics/lodestar.ts#L1019-L1023

scope-metrics

🌟 TypeScript Implementation of Ethereum Consensus

lodestar

Add panel for block proposal summary to validator monitor dashboard

FR shared over another channel: a user wants to be able to mark certain files as "irrelevant" or not needing review for the purposes of an audit. Build scripts, for example.



enhancement :sparkles:

Create code bookmarks and code highlights with a click.

vscode-weaudit

FR: Mark file as irrelevant/not needing review

aztec-packages

Add tests with key rotation nonce on e2e_key_registry.test.ts

priority-medium

indexer

bootstrap

multiplier

Add `EntityMapper::ValidEntityId` method for use during serialization of non-optionals

![image](https://github.com/FuelLabs/fuel-core/assets/11023047/5523bb05-156b-4154-b113-e084ed061fe9)

The fact that we are micro-managing the order of these functions hoping it's correct is not right. We should have a test to show the behavior we want.

Rust full node implementation of the Fuel v2 protocol.

fuel-core

Add executor test to show that Mint can't lie about gas price

When an external validator tries to connect to our node it fails to see it as active because `node/version` is not implemented. We should do it, at least with a hardcoded version.

Elixir implementation of an Ethereum consensus client, which offers high reliance & fault tolerance

lambda_ethereum_consensus

Elixir

Implement node version endpoint

**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**

This is a follow-on suggestion to #257 which added mod reduction to secret scalar generation.  Existing tests confirm that this results in the same public key for one test case, but nothing to confirm that the default private key used actually causes an overflow.  I suggest adding some more targeted test cases for the specific situations and vulnerabilities targeted by this change.

**Describe the solution you'd like**

A few things I'd suggest for additional test cases:
- Check that the secret scalar is in the intended range in all tests.
- Pick multiple secret keys which do and don't cause the overflow targeted here.
- Pick secret keys tailored to the attack scenario which motivated this (those which cause overflow but result in the same public key).  Confirm they result in the same secret scalar now as well.

**Describe alternatives you've considered**
May be too late for this now, but an approach I've found valuable particularly with security-related bugs is based on TDD.  Write a test first which will fail and prove the existence of a security bug.  Then make the fix and prove the test now passes.


tests 🧪

A monorepo of reusable libraries for zero-knowledge technologies.

zk-kit

test(eddsa-poseidon): Targeted tests for compatibility & security of secret scalar modulus

This is a **bug report/feature request/support request/change request**

## Problem

If `/dns4/127.0.0.1/tcp/8000/ws/p2p/16Uiu2HAkxcq84cB1gD1MH5XDQNm1vakvUzwoEhmLFtywF7YF3Hvm` is used to dial - then error is thrown from `websocket` transport [here](https://github.com/libp2p/js-libp2p/blob/17e2d64e05ef4555cae304f0fbcc546d5446e0c0/packages/transport-websockets/src/index.ts#L127)

Works just fine if ``/dns4/localhost/tcp/8000/ws/p2p/16Uiu2HAkxcq84cB1gD1MH5XDQNm1vakvUzwoEhmLFtywF7YF3Hvm` is used.

## Proposed Solutions

Since `nwaku` generates multiaddr with `IP` in it - we should be able to dial it without error.
Most straightforward solution can be to check for `127.0.0.1` and replace with `localhost`. 
But we also need to check why this throw actually happens as there might be unintended consequences.

js-waku

bug: cannot use multiaddr with 127.0.0.1 to dial

Context: #1013

ERC-2335 keystores have a `path` field with a [EIP-2333](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2333) path for deriving the secret. We should support non-empty values of that field.

Support kdf paths on Keystore

Allow self impl for contracts as a shorthand for an anonymous ABI spec.
The point is to not have to write an ABI type for very small contracts.

This:

```sway
contract;
impl Contract {
    fn foo() -> u64 { 0 }
}
```

Should produce the same binary and ABI spec as:

```sway
contract;
abi MyAbi {
    fn foo() -> u64;
}
impl MyAbi for Contract {
    fn foo() -> u64 { 0 }
}
```

language feature

compiler: frontend

compiler: parser

🌴 Empowering everyone to build reliable and efficient smart contracts.

sway

Contract self impl

While trying to deploy using "manual" account method, it throws an error: 
```
Error: {"reason":"could not detect network","code":"NETWORK_ERROR","event":"noNetwork"}
```

priority

zksync-remix-plugin

No network error 

**Description**

PSE seems to be one of the few teams offering good tools for running trusted setups. Other projects may exist, however. Exploring the landscape and comparing any existing solutions may help in defining a more effective long-term strategy. 

documentation

A streamlined mechanism for distributing SNARK artifacts.

snark-artifacts

Explore similar projects and compare solutions

**Description**

After downloading the `wasm`/`zkey` files to generate valid proofs, it will be necessary to verify that those files are authentic. There are theoretically two checks to be made:

1. Check that the downloaded files are the same ones that were uploaded to NPM,
2. Verify that the downloaded files were generated by a specific trusted-setup.

It is necessary to understand what we need to do for each of these checks, and whether 2 somehow makes 1 redundant.

It is also necessary to understand when to have these checks.

It'll probably make sense to add a README file to each package with the instructions needed to perform these checks, with the correct versions of the packages to be used, or with scripts to simplify the process.

Check integrity of snark artifacts

The current published version of `kzg-wasm` duplicates the `trusted_setup.js` file across all three build outputs since it's a Javascript object and requires either a CJS or ESM export style (i.e. `module.exports` vs `export ...`).  This balloons the bundle size considerably and is really unnecessary.

Ideally, the trusted setup should be converted to something like binary, maybe stored in the the `dist/wasm` directory alongside the WASM bundle, and then loaded in `loadKZG` if no alternative trusted setup is provided.  It's important that we don't introduce any other deps toward the aim of compressing this.  If the trusted setup can't be compressed using either node builtins or browser APIs, we should just use raw binary.  Even that should decrease the size of the overall module considerably.

kzg-wasm

Figure out how to re-use trusted setup across builds

### Problem description

Depending on demand, we could consider support for connecting multiple external signers to the validator client. This might become interesting if there are more DVT solutions like Diva, or just in general, if a user wants to join multiple Diva clusters without running multiple Lodestar instances.

### Solution description

Introduce `--externalSigner.urls` which allows to specify multiple external signing servers. The design of our validator store already supports this, just need to tweak the CLI a bit, and how public keys are fetched.

### Additional context

_No response_

meta-feature-request

Support connecting multiple external signers to validator client

This way, you can more easily tolerate weird compile commands that use options that get complained aobut.

Add command-line options to files containing command-line options to skip during import

### Wallet name

Braavos

### Wallet description

An Advanced and user-friendly smart-contract wallet on Starknet, featuring 2FA / 3FA security and enhanced DeFi capabilities. 

Braavos Smart Wallet for Starknet makes self-custodial asset management easier than ever! With Braavos, you can securely access decentralized applications on Starknet and manage your assets from within your browser.

Braavos offers an immersive experience, including a built-in exchange for swapping tokens, a rich NFT collectibles section, human-readable transaction explainer, support for the Starknet.id naming service, bundling of multiple contract calls in one transaction (multicall), and much more – all backed by top-notch security and UI.

Braavos Wallet incorporates robust security features to protect user funds against potential threats and includes advanced authentication methods such as two-factor authentication (2FA) and three-factor authentication (3FA), along with biometric options.

Additionally, the wallet has an intuitive and user-friendly interface that makes it easy for users to access their accounts and manage their assets. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced cryptocurrency trader, Braavos Wallet offers a reliable and convenient solution for managing your digital assets.

### Wallet logo


![Logo - Golden](https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/assets/94184412/e671eb42-5ee2-4c5e-865b-6040c55fb941)



### Background color for brand logo

#ffffff or transparent

### URL to the project

https://braavos.app/

### When did the wallet go live to users?

2022

### Does the wallet have an active development team?

Yes

### Is the wallet globally accessible?

Yes

### Is the wallet available in multiple languages?

No. Currently only in English.

### What social links are there for the project?

https://twitter.com/myBraavos
https://discord.com/invite/9Ks7V5DN9z
https://t.me/mybraavos
https://www.youtube.com/@braavos_wallet

### Does the wallet have a mobile app? If yes, which operating systems are supported (iOS, Android)?

iOS & Android

### Does the wallet have a desktop app? If yes, which operating systems are supported (Windows, Mac, Linux)?

No (although the iOS app works on Macs as well).

### Does the wallet have a browser extension? If yes, which browsers are supported (Chromium, Firefox, Safari)?

Yes: Chrome, Firefox, Brave, Edge

### Is it a hardware wallet?

No, but the wallet offers the Hardware Signer Feature, a superior and free alternative to the Hardware wallet utilizing the device HSM (Secure Enclave / Element) to generate keys and authenticate the user via biometric ID.

### Is the source code for the wallet fully open-source?

The account smart contracts code is open-source: https://github.com/myBraavos/ The application code is not open-source. 

### What license is the wallet software released under?

Account smart contracts are licensed under: GPL-3.0 license. For application terms of use see here: https://braavos.app/terms-of-use/

### Who holds the private keys?

The user holds the private keys.. 
The wallet is 100% non-custodial.

### Please describe the measures taken to ensure the wallet's security and provide documentation wherever possible

The wallet is being pentested regularly as well as audited (see next question). 
In addition, the account smart contract cannot be upgraded automatically by Braavos. The user has to sign an upgrade transaction on-chain.
Furthermore, users can choose from basic to the most advanced security features that include:
- Seed phrase signer
- 2FA Passkey Signer, using Desktop Fingerprint or Face ID to sign a transaction 
- 2FA Hardware Signer, using mobile Face ID to sign a transaction 
- 3FA Multi Signer, requiring 2 devices to sign a transaction
- ∞FA Multi owner account, the next-generation Multi-Sig, supporting up to 7 owners

See more detail in this article: https://braavos.app/how-to-secure-your-crypto-5-solution/

### Has the wallet's smart contract code or security modules been audited?

Yes. latest report (Feb 2024) available on github: https://github.com/myBraavos/braavos-account-cairo

### Does the wallet have an internal security team?

Yes

### Any other security testing that should be noted?

Yes, in February 2024, a capture-the-flag challenge was organized to battle-test the wallet security feature. The result was that thousands of hackers failed to drain the wallet of $150,000 after the seed phrase was publicly revealed : https://x.com/myBraavos/status/1755140273254891656

### Scam protection?

Spam and phishing protection is available (ChainPatrol and Seal 911).

### Does the wallet support connecting to a hardware wallet?

No

### Does the wallet support WalletConnect?

No

### Does the wallet support importing Ethereum RPC endpoints?

No

### Does the wallet support viewing and interacting with NFTs?

Yes

### Does the wallet support connecting to Ethereum applications?

It can connect to any Starknet application. 

### Does the wallet support staking directly?

Yes, the wallet includes the Stake+ feature that allows ETH staking on Lido, from the wallet. It also offers other opportunities like the Staking Boost for extra yield on ETH.

### Does the wallet support swaps directly?

Yes, a dedicated section allows users to swap tokens.

### Does the wallet support multi-chain networks?

No, only Starknet at the moment.

### Does the wallet support Ethereum layer 2 networks?

Yes, Starknet

### Does the wallet allow the user to customize gas fees?

Yes, users can edit the gas payment as well as choose whether to pay with ETH or STRK. Paymaster will be supported soon as well.

### Does the wallet support sending transactions to ENS addresses?

Braavos proposes the alternative available on Starknet (SNS). In addition, Braavos allows users to create a subdomain via the wallet is free.

### Does the wallet support importing or automatically querying and displaying ERC-20 tokens?

Yes

### Does the wallet support EIP-1559 (type 2) transactions?

N/A on Starknet. 

### Does the wallet have fiat on-ramps through credit/debit cards, wire transfers, or bank transfers (ACH)?

Yes. Users can onramp funds via Banxa and Ramp, 2 providers available from within the wallet.

### Does the wallet support withdrawals to fiat?

Yes, through Banxa and Ramp (on specific geographies).

### Is the wallet a multi-signature wallet?

Braavos wallet offers both consumer multi-sig accounts (one owner, 2 signatures), as well as the Multi-Owner Account (MOA) with multi-factor authenticated owners. You can see all options here: https://braavos.app/wallet-features/

### Does the wallet support social recovery?

No

### Who can the ethereum.org team can contact regarding the wallet in future?

https://twitter.com/mottylen - motty-lavie@braavos.app

### Does the wallet have a dedicated support team?

Users have access to 24/7 support via a dedicated Discord channel:[ https://discord.com/invite/9Ks7V5DN9z](https://discord.com/invite/9Ks7V5DN9z)

### What educational resources/documentation do you provide to users?

Yes, users can refer to our website, blog, YouTube channel, or FAQ to learn about the project. Additionally, we connect with our users through a monthly community call.

https://braavos.app/
https://braavos.app/blog/
https://www.youtube.com/@braavos_wallet
https://braavos.app/faq/


### Does the wallet have any integrated tools not mentioned above?

Pro Score
https://braavos.app/wallet-features/starknet-pro-score/
dApp Gallery
https://braavos.app/wallet-features/dapp-gallery/

### Would you like to work on this issue?

- [ ] Yes
- [ ] No

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