
Ethereum represents the gateway to a worldwide, decentralized computing paradigm. This platform enables you to run decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts that have no central points of failure or control, integrate with a payment network, and operate on an open blockchain. With this practical guide, Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood provide everything you need to know about building smart contracts and DApps on Ethereum and other virtual-machine blockchains.

Discover why IBM, Microsoft, NASDAQ, and hundreds of other organizations are experimenting with Ethereum. This essential guide shows you how to develop the skills necessary to be an innovator in this growing and exciting new industry.

A guide to the operation and use of Ethereum and other EVM-compatible blockchains.

Mastering Ethereum


The story of the idealists, technologists, and opportunists fighting to bring cryptocurrency to the masses.

In their short history, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have gone through booms, busts, and internecine wars, recently reaching a market valuation of more than $2 trillion. The central promise of crypto endures—vast fortunes made from decentralized networks not controlled by any single entity and not yet regulated by many governments.

The recent growth of crypto would have been all but impossible if not for a brilliant young man named Vitalik Buterin and his creation: Ethereum. In this book, Laura Shin takes readers inside the founding of this novel cryptocurrency network, which enabled users to launch their own new coins, thus creating a new crypto fever. She introduces readers to larger-than-life characters like Buterin, the Web3 wunderkind; his short-lived CEO, Charles Hoskinson; and Joe Lubin, a former Goldman Sachs VP who became one of crypto’s most well-known billionaires. Sparks fly as these outsized personalities fight for their piece of a seemingly limitless new business opportunity.

This fascinating book shows the crypto market for what it really is: a deeply personal struggle to influence the coming revolution in money, culture, and power.

Idealism, Greed, Lies, and the Making of the First Big Cryptocurrency Craze

The Cryptopians


Tokens - often referred to as cryptocurrencies - can represent anything from an asset to an access right, such as gold, diamonds, a fraction of a Picasso painting or an entry ticket to a concert. Tokens could also be used to reward social media contributions, incentivize the reduction of CO2 emissions, or even ones attention for watching an ad. While it has become easy to create a token, which is collectively managed by a public Web3 infrastructure like a blockchain network, the understanding of how to apply these tokens is still vague.

The industry keeps referring to “Blockchain” as different from “Bitcoin,” creating an artificial divide that is often misleading. There seems to be too little understanding about the fact that Bitcoin is a blockchain network, which is (a) globally managed by people who mostly do not know each other, and (b) enabled by the consensus protocol that (c) incentivizes all network actors for their contributions with a native token. The governance rules are tied to the minting of a native blockchain token. The Bitcoin token can, therefore, be seen as the currency of a distributed Internet tribe, called the Bitcoin network, where network actors are rewarded with Bitcoins, just as the Ether is the currency of the distributed Internet tribe Ethereum network, or Sia is the native currency of the Sia network. The Bitcoin network and other distributed ledgers all represent a collectively maintained public infrastructure and are the backbone of the next generation Internet, what the crypto community refers to as the Web3.

This book attempts to summarize existing knowledge about blockchain networks and other distributed ledgers as the backbone of the Web3, and contextualize the socio-economic implications of the Web3 applications such as smart contracts, tokens, and DAOs to the concepts of money, economics, governance and decentralized finance (DeFi).

Token Economy


Learn to Code Blockchain DApps By Building Simple Games

CryptoZombies is an interactive school that teaches you all things technical about blockchains. Learn to make smart contracts in Solidity or Libra by making your own crypto-collectibles game.

#1 Solidity Tutorial & Ethereum Blockchain Programming Course

CryptoZombies


Node Guardians is a gamified educational platform that creates lore-rich programming challenges for experienced Solidity, Huff, Cairo and Noir developers. Think of it as a skill-based RPG where developers can become familiar with specific stack components and a place where they can showcase their abilities. 

### Skills Upgrade

We have created a series of coding challenges called “quests” to engage smart contract developers, providing them with the knowledge to build safe and gas efficient applications. In addition to practical skills, we also provide theoretical knowledge about crypto history, technology and economics through building a library of articles that break down complex concepts of distributed systems & decentralized finance.


### Public Good

Node Guardians is a public good for developers and will always remain so. 
In addition to supporting the growth of cool ecosystems, we plan to make the platform sustainable by managing [infrastructure](https://infra.nodeguardians.io/) across various networks.

Rewarding non-contributing operators wastes funds, we prefer community-building and education.


Node Guardians is a gamified educational platform that creates lore-rich programming challenges for experienced Solidity, Cairo, Huff and Noir developers.

Node Guardians


Speed Run Ethereum aims to provide a structured learning path for onboarding developers to Ethereum.

Ethereum Dev Speed Run with a framework for submitting challenges, get feedback from ethereum builders, and in the process unlocking new challenges and proof of completion.

Speedrun Ethereum

Teaching the next generation of smart contract developers and auditors. Learn from industry-leading experts how to build the next generation of web3 applications and level up your career.


Level up your web3 career through industry leading comprehensive courses

Cyfrin Updraft


This is an initiative for the early solidity developers by those who were early developers sometime.

In this approach, we are looking to categorize the smart contract according to the difficulty level in multiple standards. For now, we are keeping the standard 0 to 5(can be discussed).

This initiative needs great support from Blockchain enthusiast, developer and researchers to build this school in a way which can attract learners and provide them ease for development.

First place for early developers to learn Solidity 

solidity-school


## Introductory Modules

- What is a SNARK?
- Building a SNARK (part 1)
- Building a SNARK (part 2)

## Whiteboard Sessions with ZK Projects​

- SNARKs vs. STARKS with Brendan and Bobbin
- PLONK and Custom Gates with Adrian Hamelink
- Lookup Arguments for Performance Optimisation with Mary Maller
- Zero Knowledge Virtual Machine (zkVM) with grjte
- Achieving Decentralised Private Computation with Pratyush Mishra
- Introduction to zkRollups with Barry Whitehat
- zkEVM with Jordi Baylina
- ZK Swaps with Henry de Valence
- zkID with Oleksandr Brezhniev
- Fast Recursion with Plonky2 with William Borgeaud

ZK Whiteboard Sessions is an educational series on all things zero knowledge

ZK Whiteboard Sessions


## What is a smart contract?

Smart contracts are the backbone of decentralized applications (DApps) and Web3. A smart contract is a simple program that lives on a blockchain network (such as Ethereum). They're actually not that smart. And nothing like a (legal) contract. They’re more like an executable piece of code that requires input or an trigger from an external source. They can validate those input conditions and if correct, execute their own logic to update the state on a blockchain.

## Benefits

They often serve the following purposes:
- Store and maintain data
- Manage relationships with users, or other contracts

Benefits of smart contracts are
- Immutable - once deployed none can change them
- Composable - they’re public and anyone can interact with them, or build on top of them. Much like public APIs

## Resources

The following resources have been the most popular resources on the site for a long time. These are all highly recommend to start learning about Solidity


### 1. Official Solidity website
The most obvious resources is ofcourse the official website and documentation of the Solidity team itself. The Solidity team covers all the core concepts and fundamentals of Solidity and smart contracts in general. Highly recommended

https://soliditylang.org/


### 2. Solidity by Example
The second one on the list is Solidity by Example. A great collection of more practical examples, incl. source code and supporting videos.

https://solidity-by-example.org/


### 3. CryptoZombies 
CryptoZombies is an interactive school that teaches you all things technical about blockchains. A fun and interactive way to write smart contracts in Solidity by making your own crypto-collectibles game.

https://cryptozombies.io/


### 4. Speedrun Ethereum

Speedrun Ethereum helps you get to the next level. It teaches you how to build on Ethereum; the superpowers and the gotchas while you build up your Web3 portfolio. If you like this, also make sure to check out the other work of the amazing [Austin Griffith](https://twitter.com/austingriffith) such as [ETH-build](https://eth.build/) and [Scaffold-eth](https://scaffoldeth.io/).

https://speedrunethereum.com/


### 5. Smart Contract Best Practices 

Smart contracts are complex instruments that have the authority to allocate high-value resources between complex systems. Often working autonomously. With huge financial loss at risk. This makes them critical components in these systems. Development of such components requires thoughtful design, solid engineering practices, rigorous testing and a strong security mindset. This document provides a baseline knowledge of security considerations.

https://consensys.github.io/smart-contract-best-practices/


## Other resources

If you'd like to read more, make sure to checkout all the other [Solidity](/tags/smart%20contracts) resources on the site.

Solidity is a programming language designed for developing smart contracts that run on Ethereum. It's the most in demand skill in the Web3 space. These are the best resources to help you learn more about it.

Best resources to learn Solidity


Navigating conversations and understanding key concepts in web3 sometimes requires its own terminology. In this regard, web3 is not just a technological shift, but also a cultural one.

This guide will provide you with the **most essential terms** to decode the language and become a web3 citizen. It is tailored to provide you with clear and concise definitions for the unique terms that define this industry.

Dive in, discover, and enhance your fluency in the unique lexicon of the web3 industry. (-:

If you want to contribute to the glossary, [have a look on Github](https://github.com/wslyvh/useWeb3/tree/main).

## Glossary a-z

- **Airdrop**  
  Distribution of free tokens, usually to promote a product or incentivise early users

- **Altcoin**  
  Alternative coin, any cryptocurrency other than Bitcoin

- **AMM**  
  Automated Market Maker, popular mechanism among decentralized exchanges (DEXes) involving liquidity pools instead of an orderbook-based system

- **Anon**  
  Anonymous, entity that wishes to remain anonymous or pseudonymous

- **Beacon Chain**  
  Ethereum’s proof-of-stake (PoS) consensus layer

- **Bridge**  
  Service that transfers tokens between multiple blockchains (cross-chain)

- **BUIDL**  
  Term to describe the web3 building ethos, even despite a bear market, inspired by HODL

- **CeFi**  
  Centralized finance, the “traditional” finance sector, in contrast to DeFi (decentralized finance)

- **CEX**  
  Centralized Exchange, app for swapping tokens run by a company, often used for fiat exchange; in contrast to DEX (Decentralized Exchange)

- **Cypherpunks**  
  Cypher + punks, movement originating in the early 90s, emphasizing the need for privacy in the digital age, enforced by cryptography

- **DAO**  
  Decentralized Autonomous Organization, blockchain-based organizations that are owned and governed by their members via tokens

- **DApp**  
  Decentralized Application, blockchain-based services that use smart contracts in their backend and thus have a distributed nature, without the need for intermediaries

- **DeFi**  
  Decentralized Finance, general term for decentralized services in the financial sector, that are permissionless and globally available, e.g., DEXes (decentralized exchanges) or lending protocols

- **Degen**  
  Degenerate, term for a person that is deeply involved in crypto or a specific sector, e.g., DeFi Degens

- **DEX**  
  Decentralized Exchange, blockchain-based app for swapping tokens that use smart contracts to be permissionless

- **Diamond Hands**  
  Holding a digital asset through very volatile times

- **DYOR**  
  Do Your Own Research, principle of self-verification instead of trusting others

- **EIP**  
  Ethereum Improvement Proposal, a process to describe standards for the Ethereum platform

- **ERC**  
  Ethereum Request for Comments, form of EIP to specify application layer standards; the most popular ones are ERC20 for fungible tokens and ERC721 for non-fungible tokens

- **EVM**  
  Ethereum Virtual Machine, the environment in which all Ethereum accounts and smart contracts live, the EVM defines the rules for computing a new valid state from block to block

- **Exchange**  
  An application that allows users to buy and sell crypto assets

- **Exit Scam**  
  Scenario in which a project or a part of a team steals the investors’ money and leaves

- **Explorer**  
  Webpage that displays information about the transaction history of a blockchain

- **Faucet**  
  Service that dispenses free tokens, usually for test networks

- **Flippening**  
  Term to describe a pivotal change in price or perception, e.g., when the market cap of a token exceeds the one of another token

- **FOMO**  
  Fear Of Missing Out, term to describe the feeling of not being included in something, e.g., a crypto investment or news

- **Fork**  
  Split of a blockchain or project due to technical issues or a dispute

- **FUD**  
  Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt, the opposite of FOMO

- **Gas**  
  Term for the fee that Ethereum transactions cost; it is used to reward validators and prevents malicious use of the blockchain

- **Genesis Block**  
  The first block recorded in a blockchain

- **Gm**  
  Good morning, form of greetings in crypto communities; due to the global nature of web3 it can be used at any time of the day

- **Hash**  
  Function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values, e.g., for encryption, cryptographic hash functions are used in many parts of the web3 industry

- **HODL**  
  A frequent term referring to a strict buy-and-hold strategy, became famous after a misspelling in the bitcointalk forum in 2013

- **ICO**  
  Initial coin offering, the process of selling tokens when launching a new crypto project, inspired by the initial public offering (IPO) for stocks.

- **JOMO**  
  Joy Of Missing Out, converting FOMO into a positive feeling

- **KYC**  
  Know Your Customer, a process to verify the identity of customers; often used by centralized exchanges or entities

- **Layer 1**  
  Base blockchain architecture that serves as the foundation for other layers, also called mainnet, e.g., Ethereum

- **Layer 2**  
  Built on top of layer 1, usually for scaling purposes, e.g., Optimism

- **Minting**  
  Process of creating new token(s)

- **Mixer**  
  Decentralized Application that “mixes” tokens to cover their transaction history, used for private transactions

- **NFT**  
  Non-Fungible Token, a type of token that is not interchangeable or divisible, in contrast to fungible tokens; often used for digital collectibles

- **Node**  
  An instance holding a copy of the blockchain, it is connected to other nodes, synchronizing the blockchain and thus forming the network

- **OG**  
  Original Gangster, a person who was very early involved in crypto or a specific project

- **Oracle**  
  Data bridge to bring real-world information onto the blockchain

- **P2P**  
  Peer-to-peer, referring to a transaction between two people without other (central) parties involved

- **Rollups**  
  Popular type of layer 2, scaling solution that uses transaction bundling (“rolling up”) transactions before publishing them to the main chain

- **Rug Pull**  
  Scenario in which a team abandons a project and/or removes its liquidity, similar to exit scams

- **SBTs**  
  Soul-Bound-token, type of NFT that is non-transferrable

- **Smart contract**  
  Programs that run on the blockchain that follow the "if this then that" logic, they execute themselves when certain conditions are met

- **Snapshot**  
  Record of a blockchain at a particular block height, also the name of a popular DAO voting tool

- **Solidity**  
  Smart Contract Programming Language, created for the Ethereum blockchain but popular for other chains as well

- **Stablecoin**  
  A cryptocurrency that is pegged to another asset, mostly USD

- **Staking**  
  Process of locking tokens to contribute to validation in a proof of stake blockchain

- **Token**  
  Representation of a digital asset on a blockchain

- **TVL**  
  Total Value Locked, equivalent of USD locked in a blockchain or protocol, often used as an indicator in DeFi, e.g. in lending protocols

- **Validator**  
  Virtual entity participating in the consensus of a proof of stake blockchain, they participate in producing blocks and validating transactions

- **WAGMI**  
  Acronym for “We're All Gonna Make It”, expression used to show an optimistic attitude about the future of web3

- **Whale**  
  An entity holding a large amount of cryptocurrency, sometimes even a significant part of a project

- **Whitepaper**  
  Document that is released with new crypto projects to explain the details of the project.

- **ZKP**  
  Zero-Knowledge-Proof, cryptographic mechanism to verify an information without revealing it, often used for scaling solutions of privacy applications


The glossary provides you with definitions for the most important terms to navigate the web3 landscape.

Crypto glossary – important terms to navigate web3


This handbook is for people who are interested in exploring the vision behind “Web3”, and who wish to acquire in-demand skills that are essential to realizing that vision.  

A Handbook for Smart Contract Development

Learn Solidity


Create Eth App supports multiple frontend frameworks. It comes with a host of decentralized finance templates pre-filled with contract ABIs, addresses and subgraphs. Everything you need to build a modern Ethereum-powered single-page app.

- Learning how to write Ethereum-powered apps in a comfortable and feature-rich development environment.
- Starting new Ethereum-powered single-page React applications without wasting time on copy-pasting boilerplates
- Creating examples with React for your Ethereum-related libraries and components.

Create Ethereum-powered apps with one command

Create Eth App


**Features**
- Next.js
- Ethereum
- Typescript
- Chakra UI
- Wagmi
- Connectkit
- Ethers.js

An open-source Next.js + Ethereum starter kit to quickly ship Web3 Apps

Nexth Starter kit


Everything you need to build on Ethereum!

Quickly experiment with Solidity using a frontend that adapts to your smart contract

Forkable Ethereum dev stack focused on fast product iterations

Scaffold-ETH


Becoming a blockchain engineer is the most fun, rewarding, and exhilarating choice I’ve and my colleagues have ever made. And we’ve already blazed the trail for you to get started! In this article, we will show you exactly how to learn to become a blockchain engineer, from beginner to professional.

Spoiler alert, here is the exact blueprint we are going to cover to get you to a successful blockchain engineer:

1. Understand why you should become a blockchain engineer
2. Take a Blockchain Course
3. Join a Hackathon, the Community, & Build
4. Start your own protocol, Take a job, Freelance & Contribute

If you make it this far, you’ve done it! Although, I’ll add a bonus step 5 that we will talk about soon.

5. You’ve made it! Keep learning!

That’s it! These are the exact steps you need to take to become a blockchain engineer!

Become a blockchain, solidity, and smart contract engineer by following these steps

Become a Blockchain Engineer


Odds are you’ve heard about the Ethereum blockchain, whether or not you know what it is. It’s been in the news a lot lately, including the cover of some major magazines, but reading those articles can be like gibberish if you don’t have a foundation for what exactly Ethereum is. So what is it? In essence, a public database that keeps a permanent record of digital transactions. Importantly, this database doesn’t require any central authority to maintain and secure it. Instead it operates as a “trustless” transactional system — a framework in which individuals can make peer-to-peer transactions without needing to trust a third party OR one another.

Still confused? That’s where this post comes in. My aim is to explain how Ethereum functions at a technical level, without complex math or scary-looking formulas. Even if you’re not a programmer, I hope you’ll walk away with at least better grasp of the tech. If some parts are too technical and difficult to grok, that’s totally fine! There’s really no need to understand every little detail. I recommend just focusing on understanding things at a broad level.

Many of the topics covered in this post are a breakdown of the concepts discussed in the yellow paper. I’ve added my own explanations and diagrams to make understanding Ethereum easier. Those brave enough to take on the technical challenge can also read the Ethereum yellow paper.

Many of the topics covered in this post are a breakdown of the concepts discussed in the yellow paper. I’ve added my own explanations and diagrams to make it easier.

How does Ethereum work, anyway?


I recently joined Edge & Node as a Developer Relations Engineer and have been diving deeper into smart contract development with Ethereum. I have settled upon what I think is the best stack for building full stack dApps with Solidity:

▶︎ Client Framework - React
▶︎ Ethereum development environment - Hardhat
▶︎ Ethereum Web Client Library - Ethers.js
▶︎ API layer - The Graph Protocol

Building Full Stack dApps with React, Ethers.js, Solidity, and Hardhat

The Complete Guide to Full Stack Ethereum Development


Educational sandbox for building on web3. Visually understand how Ethereum works by doing.

ETH.Build


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gyMwXuJrbJQ

This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts in blockchain, smart contracts, solidity, NFTs/ERC721s, ERC20s, Coding Decentralized Finance (DeFi), javascript and solidity, Chainlink, Ethereum, upgradable smart contracts, and full stack blockchain development.   

Some of the technologies covered are:
- The Graph
- Chainlink
- Metamask
- Alchemy
- Remix
- Hardhat
- Solidity
- Openzeppelin
- Trail of Bits
- Ganache
- Ethers
- Etherscan
- Coinmarketcap
- Aave
- IPFS
- Fleek.hq
- Filecoin
- NextJS
- Moralis
- Web3uikit
- Opensea
- Pinata
- Nft.storage

 And more!

Follow along with the videos and you'll be a blockchain wizard in no time!  💻 The repository with helpful links to all code, resources, and support forums is located here: https://github.com/smartcontractkit/full-blockchain-solidity-course-js.

This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts related to blockchain, smart contracts, Solidity, ERC20s, full-stack Web3 dapps, decentralized finance (DeFi), JavaScript, TypeScript, Chainlink, Ethereum, upgradable smart contracts, DAOs, the graph, moralis, aave, IPFS, and more. Follow along with the videos and you'll be a blockchain wizard in no time!

Learn Blockchain, Solidity, and Full Stack Web3 Development with JavaScript – 32-Hour Course


Learning Solidity with a collection of YouTube videos and example code.

Learning Solidity


Here we collect and discuss the best DeFi & Blockchain researches and tools 

DeFi Developer roadmap


ETH Gas Tracker helps you discover how gas works, why it matters and help you set optimal gas fees to use the Ethereum network more efficiently. Get real-time gas prices, historical data, and average fees to time your transactions and save money. Ethereum Gas Tracker is the best way to track gas prices and provides an API for developers to integrate gas data into their applications.

Monitor and track the Ethereum, and L2 gas prices to reduce transaction fees and save money

ETH Gas Tracker


This document provides a baseline knowledge of security considerations for intermediate Solidity programmers. It is maintained by ConsenSys Diligence, with contributions from our friends in the broader Ethereum community.

A guide to Ethereum smart contract security best practices

Smart Contract Best Practices

### Problem description

Currently when it comes to [testing](https://chainsafe.github.io/lodestar/contribution/testing/) the correctness of new changes that involve interacting with `BeaconChain` we rely on 1) unit tests 2) simulation tests 3) spec tests. 

Unit tests require mocking up a chain, blocks and/or states. However since these objects contain many fields, one can only mock small parts of them that are related to the new changes. The nature of Ethereum protocol mandates validation in many places and a chain/block/state is only considered valid if the combination of the value in all fields pass the validation. Therefore passing unit tests with mocked chain/block/state does not guarantee the changes will work with a valid chain/block/state. Lodestar provides `MockedBeaconChain` but it only provides a chain that is TS type check correct and not protocol correct.

Simulation test creates an ephemeral devnet to test the overall functionality of Lodestar. It might be an overkill to test a small change. Also its error outputs might not be useful to tell which part of the new change is wrong. It is also resource intensive that is not designed to run on local machines for sanity checks but on the CIs.

Spec tests cover the correctness of the consensus protocol only. Things like caches, regen, Beacon api also interact with chain/block/state but not part of the protocol.


It is not hard to see the benefit of the ability to easily create a valid and functioning chain/block/state that is interact-able during unit tests.


### Solution description

Create a suite of test utilities that can
- Create a valid beacon chain that can
	- Process blocks 
	- Create a valid genesis state
	- Able to serve reasonably according to `IBeaconChain` interface
- Create a valid beacon block that can
	- Go through state transition
	- Be created with desired properties
		- Contains proposer slashing
		- Missed attestations from some validators
		- Split view on head block
		- Absent or present of sync committee
		- etc.
- Create valid unaggregated attestations
- Create valid sync committee messages
- Create valid slashings
- Create valid withdrawals/deposits
- Create valid bls to execution change
- Dial state forward to certain slot


The test suite in general should be:
- Lightweight
- Verbal on logs
- Can be well inspected

### Additional context

Lighthouse's harness for reference: https://github.com/sigp/lighthouse/blob/b5bae6e7a2f52310617a3b93ab7579f3dc9d7880/beacon_node/beacon_chain/src/test_utils.rs#L604

prio-low

help wanted

scope-testing

meta-feature-request

🌟 TypeScript Implementation of Ethereum Consensus

lodestar

TypeScript

Beacon Chain Harness For Testing

**Describe the improvement you're thinking about**

The type of the `message` parameter in the `@zk-kit/eddsa-poseidon`  library (i.e. `BigNumberish`) is currently treated similarly to the private key, but the two values are actually different. While the private key can be of arbitrary length as it is then hashed with keccak (re #188), the message cannot be more than 32 bytes. The size of the input must therefore be checked.

**Additional context**

Originated from discussion in https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/zk-kit/pull/178#discussion_r1509946706.


good first issue

refactoring :recycle:

A monorepo of reusable libraries for zero-knowledge technologies.

zk-kit

Add check for the `message` parameter size in the EdDSA Poseidon library

#780 introduces the new `Kzg` module, but the Rust part of the NIF loads a trusted setup on every function call. We should change this so it's loaded only once at module initialization, but preferably at compile-time.

Some ideas:
- embed the file in the compiled binary (`include_bytes!`)
- use static variables to cache the parsed file ([`std::sync::Once`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Once.html))
- add some init function to run on module load

perf

Elixir implementation of an Ethereum consensus client, which offers high reliance & fault tolerance

lambda_ethereum_consensus

Elixir

Load KZG's trusted setup only once

An issue has been raised by Ramon from ML team about the ability to connect to https://www.safepal.com/

This has been observed on Chrome extension and mobile app wallet. Details in comments below.
 

zksync-remix-plugin

The plugin does not connect with wallets offered by https://www.safepal.com/

### Prerequisites

- [X] I have read the documentation and the proposed feature is not implemented.

### Description

The `PyInquirer` dependency is unmaintained and outdated. Currently it doesn't work at all, because it is importing some containers in a wrong way.

infrastructure

VAST is an experimental compiler pipeline designed for program analysis of C and C++. It provides a tower of IRs as MLIR dialects to choose the best fit representations for a program analysis or further program abstraction.

vast

Templater scripts do not work with Python 3.10+

In a situation where there is only one peer connected we have a logic which can very quickly mark this peer as low quality one:
https://github.com/NethermindEth/nethermind/blob/d18e4f695d979060804237aae16f92488c8f8d1f/src/Nethermind/Nethermind.Synchronization/SnapSync/SnapSyncFeed.cs#L172

It is problematic especially on testing scenario where we set only 1 selected peer to sync from but can be problematic on small chains as well. Would be really nice to improve that part of code to make sure that maybe first node should update pivot and then recheck this peer once more.

A robust execution client for Ethereum node operators.

nethermind

Do not mark peer as low quality too soon if there is only one peer connected

Use the section API [NtCreateSectionFunc](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/ddi/ntifs/nf-ntifs-ntcreatesection) to reduce the disk size on Windows. For inspiration take a look at the usage in LMDB. Ensure that on Windows Paprika allocated only as much as needed, not the whole file upfront.

https://github.com/LMDB/lmdb/blob/b8e54b4c31378932b69f1298972de54a565185b1/libraries/liblmdb/mdb.c#L46-L77

One more from 

https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20150130-00/?p=44793

operating system

💾 disk size

A custom storage engine of Nethermind, benefiting from the alignment of the underlying data structure with the layout of State & Storage trees of Ethereum.

Paprika

Reduce disk bloat on Windows

### Problem description

In order to make a proposal for inclusion of the light-client to browser extensions such as Metamask, we need to demonstrate the resourcefulness of running the Lodestar `light-client` in a browser environment. We would need to implement this to enable REST APIs for metrics collection. 

### Solution description

We would hide this ability through a feature flag defaulted as `false` and include some metrics for collection such as:
- Memory usage
- CPU usage
- Response times
- BLS related metrics for browser

### Additional context

As discussed in our mini-chat with Greg about demonstrating the performance of our light client to browser based wallets such as Metamask.

scope-metrics

scope-light-clients

Metrics feature flag for `light-client` REST APIs

We should deprecate the syntax highlighting file in this repo and instead add sway to [nvim-treesitter](https://github.com/nvim-treesitter/nvim-treesitter?tab=readme-ov-file#supported-languages). That way we only need to keep the [tree-sitter-sway](https://github.com/FuelLabs/tree-sitter-sway) grammar updated.

enhancement

sway.vim

Vim Script

Add sway to nvim-treesitter and deprecate syntax file

### Problem you are trying to solve

Currently when you create a new toolchain, it is totally blank and you have to install each component one by one. 

### Solution you'd like

It would be nicer if the toolchain could be created by cloning existing toolchain and modifying the components from there.

Something like:
```sh
# Create a custom toolchain called "my-custom-name" with with the same components and version as beta-5

# Option 1
fuelup toolchain new my-custom-name beta-5

# Option 2
fuelup toolchain new --clone beta-5 my-custom-name

# Option 3
fuelup toolchain new --source beta-5 my-custom-name
```

### Notes

_No response_

fuelup

Rust

Allow creating a new toolchain from an existing one

I created a [minimal reproducible example](https://github.com/JDansercoer/frog-import-failing).

This repository was started by running `bunx create-frog -t vercel`. Then the only change I did was extract the actual rendering of the frame into a [separate file](https://github.com/JDansercoer/frog-import-failing/blob/main/api/Frame.tsx).

**This all works fine when running `bun run dev` locally**.

![image](https://github.com/wevm/frog/assets/11869830/1352e783-15ba-40da-9dea-ec6335a5a13c)

However, after [deploying to Vercel](https://frog-import-failing.vercel.app/api) (by running `bun run deploy`), the serverless function is crashing.

This is the full error log from Vercel

```
Error: Cannot find module '/var/task/api/Frame.js' imported from /var/task/api/index.js
    at new NodeError (node:internal/errors:405:5)
    at finalizeResolution (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:332:11)
    at moduleResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1029:10)
    at moduleResolveWithNodePath (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:876:12)
    at defaultResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1242:79)
    at ModuleLoader.defaultResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:403:12)
    at ModuleLoader.resolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:372:25)
    at ModuleLoader.getModuleJob (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:249:38)
    at ModuleWrap.<anonymous> (node:internal/modules/esm/module_job:76:39)
    at link (node:internal/modules/esm/module_job:75:36) {
  url: 'file:///var/task/api/Frame.js',
  code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND'
}
INIT_REPORT Init Duration: 284.92 ms	Phase: init	Status: error	Error Type: Runtime.ExitError
Error: Cannot find module '/var/task/api/Frame.js' imported from /var/task/api/index.js
    at new NodeError (node:internal/errors:405:5)
    at finalizeResolution (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:332:11)
    at moduleResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1029:10)
    at moduleResolveWithNodePath (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:876:12)
    at defaultResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/resolve:1242:79)
    at ModuleLoader.defaultResolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:403:12)
    at ModuleLoader.resolve (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:372:25)
    at ModuleLoader.getModuleJob (node:internal/modules/esm/loader:249:38)
    at ModuleWrap.<anonymous> (node:internal/modules/esm/module_job:76:39)
    at link (node:internal/modules/esm/module_job:75:36) {
  url: 'file:///var/task/api/Frame.js',
  code: 'ERR_MODULE_NOT_FOUND'
}
INIT_REPORT Init Duration: 359.00 ms	Phase: invoke	Status: error	Error Type: Runtime.ExitError
Error: Runtime exited with error: exit status 1
```

Good First Issue

P: High

T: Bug

frog

Importing files doesn't work on Vercel deployment

### Prerequisites

- [X] I have read the documentation and the proposed feature is not implemented.

### Description

Currently, on push to `master` branch, the CI builds vast 3 times (build for tests, build for llvm-ts and build for release). Getting rid of this duplication could speed up the process significantly.
It can be done by e.g. passing artifacts, but maybe there is a better way (or will be in the future).

It also might be worth reworking how the tasks are divided and how they depend on each other.

backlog

Deduplicate release CI builds

[any-signal](https://github.com/jacobheun/any-signal) is only used [once](https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/blob/645d491d49c584a096ee05728e047711c33599f5/packages/utils/src/timeout.ts#L11) and consists of little code. Remove it.

meta-technical-debt

Remove any-signal dependency

[Got](https://github.com/sindresorhus/got) has a number of dependencies and doesn't provide significant features over `fetch` as used by lodestar.
Replace its [usages](https://github.com/search?q=repo%3AChainSafe%2Flodestar+%5C%22got%5C%22&type=code) (all in `cli`) by plain `fetch`.

Blocked by https://github.com/ChainSafe/lodestar/issues/6505

Remove got dependency

### Describe the bug

The 'View in English' button, which appears on the translation banner under specific conditions (when the page has been translated but the English version is more recent), is currently malfunctioning. 

Instead of directing users to the English version of the page, the button retains the current language in the URL. For example, clicking the button on a Finnish page redirects to a non-existent page (https://ethereum.org/fi/en), rather than the correct English page (https://ethereum.org/en).

This issue is causing many hidden 404 errors across thousands of pages on our website.

<img width="1510" alt="Screenshot 2024-02-26 at 09 17 16" src="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/assets/62268199/fef45d1e-a796-414f-b151-63a6939f2573">


### To reproduce

1. Go to (https://ethereum.org/fi/what-is-ethereum/
2. Inspect page in dev tools and search for /fi/en/
3. See error


### Expected behavior

The 'View in English' button should redirect to the English page, stripping the current language path out of the URL

### Screenshots

![Screenshot_2024-02-23_at_12 39 03](https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/assets/62268199/c9a173eb-ed3d-497e-a05d-57c853bbf46b)

<img width="905" alt="Screenshot_2024-02-22_at_12 32 39" src="https://github.com/ethereum/ethereum-org-website/assets/62268199/c6538e91-29ca-49de-a730-e73622826bf1">


### Desktop (please complete the following information)

_No response_

### Smartphone (please complete the following information)

_No response_

### Additional context

Will open a PR to temporarily remove this button whilst we work on a fix.

### Would you like to work on this issue?

- [ ] Yes
- [ ] No

bug 🐛

medium priority

Status: Blocked 🛑

Status: Stale

dev required

Ethereum.org is a primary online resource for the Ethereum community.

ethereum-org-website

Markdown

"View in English" on Translation banner leads to broken link

### Describe the feature you would like

I just saw @arnaucube's PR for adding a typo detection CI automation.
It looks easy to configure. 

https://github.com/privacy-scaling-explorations/folding-schemes/pull/76/

The best time to adopt it is when that PR merges.

cc @hero78119 

### Additional context

_No response_

T-feature

zkevm-circuits

A Typo detection CI automation

**Is your feature request related to a problem? Please describe.**
Legendre symbol might be optimized using https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1261 (thanks @asanso for the pointer). Currently we use an optimized addition chain for the exponentiation.

**Describe the solution you'd like**
Try to implement 2023/1261 using (maybe first) Pornin's modular inverse or Bernstein-Yang's.



new feature

gnark-crypto provides elliptic curve and pairing-based cryptography on BN, BLS12, BLS24 and BW6 curves. It also provides various algorithms (algebra, crypto) of particular interest to zero knowledge proof systems.

gnark-crypto

Optimize Legendre symbol

https://github.com/ethereum/beacon-APIs/pull/405

scope-interop

Add block_gossip SSE event

Echidna allows the initial balance to be set using integers, for example to set the initial balance to type(uint256).max: 

`balanceContract: 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935`

Ideally Medusa would also allow initial balance to be set the same way as this is much more natural than using hex notation.

When using [chisel](https://book.getfoundry.sh/chisel/) to get the hex for various balances then using that hex as input to Medusa, this can result in some weird errors, eg: type(uint256).max 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

error Failed to initialize the test chain
‣ test chain state write error when adding tx to pending block: insufficient funds for gas * price + value: address 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000030000 have 28948022309329048855892746252171976963317496166410141009864396001978282409983 want 115792089237316195423570985008687907853269984665640564039457584007913129639935




Parallelized, coverage-guided, mutational Solidity smart contract fuzzing, powered by go-ethereum

medusa

Option to set Medusa initial balance using integers same as Echidna

This is a very, very, very low priority, unless someone has a very quick and easy way to solve that.

Case: we release docker images and they do accept config parameters. After every release I usually do some manual tests by pull it from dockerhub and running on my own machine.

This is a very low priority because it takes over 5-10 min every time we release (let's assume once a month), but it is very annoying.

Also, we don't actually test the new arm64 images because I don't have an M-series Macbook (yet), only the amd64 intel images.

Ideally it would be some workflow that captures what was the published image name/version, runs it somewhere against one of our Erigon test servers and run some of our smoke tests against it in order to validate the image started to whole application correctly.

A blazingly fast, local, Ethereum block explorer built on top of Erigon

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